Strategi Retrofit Gedung Eksisting Berbasis Kinerja Struktur dan Kelayakan Proyek: Scoping Review
Main Article Content
Annisa Nur Rakhmawati
Wahyu Nursamhuda
Hendrik Richard
Retrofit gedung eksisting semakin penting karena banyak bangunan lama dirancang berdasarkan standar yang tidak lagi sepenuhnya sejalan dengan tuntutan keselamatan gempa, keberlanjutan, efisiensi energi, dan kelayakan operasional proyek. Meskipun kajian retrofit telah berkembang, pembahasan masih sering terpisah antara efektivitas teknis struktur dan dimensi manajemen proyek seperti biaya, jadwal, constructability, risiko, keselamatan kerja, serta gangguan terhadap pengguna bangunan. Artikel ini bertujuan memetakan strategi retrofit gedung eksisting berdasarkan dua perspektif utama, yaitu kinerja struktur dan kelayakan proyek, serta merumuskan kerangka keputusan terintegrasi yang relevan bagi konteks Indonesia. Metode yang digunakan adalah scoping review dengan mengacu pada kerangka Arksey dan O’Malley, pengembangan Levac et al., pedoman JBI, serta prinsip pelaporan PRISMA-ScR. Literatur ditelusuri secara purposif melalui ScienceDirect, SpringerLink, MDPI, Google Scholar, Crossref, DOAJ, ASCE, NIST, FEMA, BSN, dan sumber ilmiah terkait dengan prioritas publikasi 2022-2025 serta standar teknis relevan. Sebelas studi inti dan beberapa dokumen standar dianalisis melalui charting table dan sintesis tematik. Hasil kajian menunjukkan bahwa strategi retrofit dominan mencakup perkuatan lokal, perkuatan global, sistem kontrol respons, dan retrofit terintegrasi gempa-energi. Indikator kinerja struktur yang paling sering digunakan adalah simpangan antar tingkat, kekakuan, daktilitas, kapasitas lateral, indeks keselamatan, kerusakan nonstruktural, risiko, dan waktu pemulihan fungsi. Dari sisi manajemen proyek, faktor yang paling menentukan adalah akurasi investigasi awal, biaya daur hidup, durasi pelaksanaan, gangguan operasional, pengadaan material khusus, keselamatan kerja, koordinasi pemangku kepentingan, dan dukungan digital seperti BIM. Kajian ini menegaskan bahwa keputusan retrofit tidak cukup didasarkan pada peningkatan kapasitas struktur, tetapi perlu diseimbangkan dengan keterlaksanaan, nilai investasi, risiko implementasi, dan penerimaan pengguna bangunan. Artikel ini menawarkan kerangka evaluasi terintegrasi sebagai dasar pengembangan studi kasus, instrumen penilaian retrofit, dan model prioritas penanganan gedung eksisting di wilayah rawan gempa
Ahmed, H. A., & Tanoli, W. A. (2025). Seismic retrofitting of RC buildings using a performance based approach for risk resilience and vulnerability assessment. Buildings, 15(8), 1333. https://doi.org/10.3390/buildings15081333
Almeida, R., Rodrigues, H., Gomes, M. G., & Furtado, A. (2025). Financial incentives for energy and seismic retrofitting of reinforced concrete buildings: A review of an integrated approach. Innovative Infrastructure Solutions, 10(8), Article 329. https://doi.org/10.1007/s41062 025 02123 6
American Society of Civil Engineers. (2023). ASCE/SEI 41 23: Seismic evaluation and retrofit of existing buildings. American Society of Civil Engineers.
Arksey, H., & O’Malley, L. (2005). Scoping studies: Towards a methodological framework. International Journal of Social Research Methodology, 8(1), 19 32. https://doi.org/10.1080/1364557032000119616
Badan Standardisasi Nasional. (2019a). SNI 1726:2019: Tata cara perencanaan ketahanan gempa untuk struktur bangunan gedung dan nongedung. BSN.
Badan Standardisasi Nasional. (2019b). SNI 2847:2019: Persyaratan beton struktural untuk bangunan gedung dan penjelasan. BSN.
Badan Standardisasi Nasional. (2025). SNI 9273:2025: Evaluasi dan rehabilitasi seismik untuk bangunan gedung eksisting (ASCE/SEI 41 17, MOD). BSN.
Cascone, S., Parisi, G., & Caponetto, R. (2024). BIM based strategies for the revitalization and automated management of buildings: A case study. Sustainability, 16(16), 6720. https://doi.org/10.3390/su16166720
Dabous, S. A., & Hosny, F. (2025). A review of building envelope retrofitting methods for improving energy efficiency, aesthetic, and indoor environmental quality. Energy Nexus, 18, 100407. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.nexus.2025.100407
Federal Emergency Management Agency. (2025). Guidelines for post earthquake repair and retrofit of buildings based on assessment of performance critical damage. FEMA.
Ferraioli, M., Lavino, A., Molitierno, C., & Di Lauro, G. (2021). Seismic retrofit of an existing reinforced concrete building with buckling restrained braces. The Open Civil Engineering Journal, 15, 203 225. https://doi.org/10.2174/1874149502115010203
Fung, J. F., Sattar, S., & Butry, D. T. (2021). The total costs of seismic retrofits: State of the art. Earthquake Spectra, 37(3), 2139 2167.
Ghafar, W. A., Zhong, T., Lai, Z., Zhang, P., Yang, Y., & Hasan, M. M. (2025). Seismic isolation for existing structures: A review of retrofitting techniques, case studies, and trends. Discover Civil Engineering, 2, Article 137. https://doi.org/10.1007/s44290 025 00300 1
ISO. (2020). ISO 21502:2020: Project, programme and portfolio management: Guidance on project management. International Organization for Standardization.
Jo, K., & Wang, S. (2025). Development of an indicator based framework for a sustainable building retrofit. Buildings, 15(17), 3191. https://doi.org/10.3390/buildings15173191
Karaki, G., & Hawileh, R. A. (2025). Integrated building retrofit for seismic resilience and environmental sustainability: A critical review. Buildings, 15(20), 3800. https://doi.org/10.3390/buildings15203800
Levac, D., Colquhoun, H., & O’Brien, K. K. (2010). Scoping studies: Advancing the methodology. Implementation Science, 5, 69. https://doi.org/10.1186/1748 5908 5 69
Nascimbene, R., Bianchi, F., Brunesi, E., & Bellotti, D. (2025). A global performance based seismic assessment of a retrofitted hospital building equipped with dissipative bracing systems. Buildings, 15(22), 4022. https://doi.org/10.3390/buildings15224022
Page, M. J., McKenzie, J. E., Bossuyt, P. M., Boutron, I., Hoffmann, T. C., Mulrow, C. D., Shamseer, L., Tetzlaff, J. M., Akl, E. A., Brennan, S. E., Chou, R., Glanville, J., Grimshaw, J., Hróbjartsson, A., Lalu, M. M., Li, T., Loder, E. W., Mayo Wilson, E., McDonald, S., McGuinness, L. A., Stewart, L. A., Thomas, J., Tricco, A. C., Welch, V. A., Whiting, P., & Moher, D. (2021). The PRISMA 2020 statement: An updated guideline for reporting systematic reviews. BMJ, 372, n71. https://doi.org/10.1136/bmj.n71
Pamboris, G., Chrysostomou, C. Z., Kalogirou, S. A., & Christodoulides, P. (2024). Integrated approach of retrofitting an existing residential building to a nearly zero energy building with simultaneous seismic upgrading. Open Construction & Building Technology Journal, 18, e18748368265332. https://doi.org/10.2174/0118748368265332231220060905
Penazzato, L., Illampas, R., & Oliveira, D. V. (2024). The challenge of integrating seismic and energy retrofitting of buildings: An opportunity for sustainable materials? Sustainability, 16(8), 3465. https://doi.org/10.3390/su16083465
Peters, M. D. J., Marnie, C., Tricco, A. C., Pollock, D., Munn, Z., Alexander, L., McInerney, P., Godfrey, C. M., & Khalil, H. (2020). Updated methodological guidance for the conduct of scoping reviews. JBI Evidence Synthesis, 18(10), 2119 2126. https://doi.org/10.11124/JBIES 20 00167
Pohoryles, D. A., Bournas, D. A., Da Porto, F., Caprino, A., Santarsiero, G., & Triantafillou, T. (2022). Integrated seismic and energy retrofitting of existing buildings: A state of the art review. Journal of Building Engineering, 61, 105274. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jobe.2022.105274
Project Management Institute. (2021). A guide to the project management body of knowledge (PMBOK Guide) (7th ed.). Project Management Institute.
Sharbaf, S. A., & Schneider Marin, P. (2025). Cost benefit analysis of sustainable upgrades in existing buildings: A critical review. Energy and Buildings, 328, 115142. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.enbuild.2024.115142
Tricco, A. C., Lillie, E., Zarin, W., O’Brien, K. K., Colquhoun, H., Levac, D., Moher, D., Peters, M. D. J., Horsley, T., Weeks, L., Hempel, S., Akl, E. A., Chang, C., McGowan, J., Stewart, L., Hartling, L., Aldcroft, A., Wilson, M. G., Garritty, C., Lewin, S., Godfrey, C. M., Macdonald, M. T., Langlois, E. V., Soares Weiser, K., Moriarty, J., Clifford, T., Tunçalp, Ö., & Straus, S. E. (2018). PRISMA extension for scoping reviews (PRISMA ScR): Checklist and explanation. Annals of Internal Medicine, 169(7), 467 473. https://doi.org/10.7326/M18 0850
Zhang, Y., Fung, J., Cook, D., Johnson, K., & Sattar, S. (2024). Benefit cost analysis for earthquake resilient building design and retrofit: State of the art and future research needs. Natural Hazards Review, 25(3). https://doi.org/10.1061/NHREFO.NHENG 1910
